Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[1] In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed
A Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is used in developing a nucleic acid genetic instructions and all living organisms and some virus is working. DNA molecules and long-term storage of the key role of information. Often DNA template or legs, or compared to a set of code, since other components necessary instructions cells are formed, such as proteins and RNA molecules. DNA genetic information to determine Deighleog gene, but other DNA structural purposes, or who are involved with the use of genetic information for the data sequences.
Chemically, DNA from two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides involved, initiated by groups made up of sugar and phosphate ester bonds with mandatory requirements. Series in two opposite directions each other to run and so are anti. Is associated with a Chinese four types of molecules called bases. Orders-on-four bases along the bone that encodes information. This information genetic code, amino acids within the protein using the order specified is read. DNA copy the code read in parts related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called trascribed.
The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs. There are so many millions of base pairs in each person's DNA that every person has a different sequence.
Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many millions of base pairs, the task would be very time-consuming. Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA.
These patterns do not, however, give an individual "fingerprint," but they are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. Scientists use a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to vary among individuals a great deal, and analyze those to get a certain probability of a match
Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many millions of base pairs, the task would be very time-consuming. Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA.
These patterns do not, however, give an individual "fingerprint," but they are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. Scientists use a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to vary among individuals a great deal, and analyze those to get a certain probability of a match
COMPONENTS OF DNA :
DNA is a polymer. The monomer units of DNA are nucleotides, and the polymer is known as a "polynucleotide." Each nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a nitrogen containing base attached to the sugar, and a phosphate group. There are four different types of nucleotides found in DNA, differing only in the nitrogenous base. The four nucleotides are given one letter abbreviations as shorthand for the four bases.
A is for adenine
A is for adenine
G is for guanine
C is for cytosine
T is for thymine
PURINE BASES:
Adenine and guanine are purines. Purines are the larger of the two types of bases found in DNA.
Features of the DNA Double Helix:
Two DNA strands form a helical spiral, winding around a helix axis in a right-handed spiral The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA strands wind around the helix axis like the railing of a sprial staircase The bases of the individual nucleotides are on the inside of the helix, stacked on top of each other like the steps of a spiral staircase.